Victor Emmanuel Ii King Of Sardinia History Essay

Victor Emmanuel Ii King Of Sardinia History Essay Victor Emmanuel II king of Sardinia was affirmed King of Italy in 1861 when the country turned into a nation-state. The 1930s was a tense period for the peace which was achieved in 1919. This was the time when Benito Mussolini established his fascist party. A crucial factor during this period and which this assignment will analyse is Italys quest in Abyssinia taken by the lead of Mussolini. This paper is going to give prominence to Italy after WWI and some interests which came along with the Cold War period which remain consistent in Italys foreign policy nowadays. Of course one cannot miss out stating that Italy was a member with NATO and one of the six founders of the EEC which led Italy for integration economically and politically. As a conclusion I will conclude by stating the imminent problems Italy faces such as illegal immigration, unemployment, low standards of living in the South compared to the industrialised North. Unification of Italy Despite the setbacks of 1848-49, these lead the way to the Italian unification. The factors which mainly united Italy were its Italian language, religion and its geographic position as it is a peninsula in the centre of the Mediterranean. Italys unification came along through wars such as the war with Austria (1859), Garibaldi and the 1000 redshirts frightened more Cavour as Garibaldis popularity would put the position of Victor Emmanuel II a risk, the annexation of Venetia (1866) and the conquest of Rome (1870). Napoleon conquered the Italian peninsula and created the puppet King of Italy in 1792. He combined the smaller Italian city-states into larger units to make his rule more efficient but opposition to him as a foreign ruler stimulated Italian nationalism. The defence of Rome created the hero Giuseppe Garibaldi considered as the sword of the unification. He joined the Young Italy movement and was commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. He was a friend of Giuseppe Mazzini the soul of the unification who was a Carbonaro. Mazzini was the first influential revolutionary of the Risorgimento as the movement had dissatisfaction with the re-establishment of the old monarchies. Meanwhile Camillo Benso di Cavour was the brain of the unification and founder of a political journal The Resurgence. Within a few years he transformed Piedmont into modern state by removing duties, built railways. Finally he also reorganised the army. Cavour was aware that Piedmont needed strong allies against Au stria. In 1854, when the Crimean war broke out he was asked by Britain and France to send troops because Austria needed assurance that if she joined the allies, Piedmont would not take advantage of the situation. During the Paris Peace Conference in 1856, Cavour drew the attention on grievance of the Italians and pointed to Austria as their main cause. During the following two years, the relationship between France and Sardinia-Piedmont improved since Napoleon III had long-standing sympathies towards the Italians. Cavour always supported the interests of people struggling to be free. Hence he knew that a military campaign against Austria in Italy would mean following his uncles footsteps. Alliances and Alignments The Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary was defensive in nature. This was Bismarcks reaction to Russias implied threat in the aftermath of the Berlin Congress. However, this alliance should not be regarded as Bismarcks final choice between Austria and Russia but their affiliation was for Austrians who escaped from the diplomatic isolation. On the other hand the triple alliance (1882) was made between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Consequently through these alliances, Bismarck managed to isolate France completely from the other powers. While Britain never bothered to form an alliance with any of the other powers since it followed the policy of the splendid isolation. For that reason by the Mancini Declaration Italy would not be drawn in an alliance which would work against Britain. The Scramble for Africa Mussolini wanted glory and conquest: his style of leadership needed military victories. He had often promoted the idea of restoring the glory of the Roman Empire. In fact Richards states that: Italy was desperately anxious to fill her pockets and vindicate her claim to be a major power by acquiring colonies  [1]  . Mussolini was intent on avenging the humiliation the Italians had suffered back in 1896 against the Abyssinians. The dispute over territory between Abyssinian soldiers and Italians over the incident in Wal-Wal was Mussolinis main excuse for invading Abyssinia in 1935. In 1933 the Four Power Pact was signed and committed states to cooperation for a period of 10 years. On 7th January 1935, the Franco-Italian agreement was signed to counteract what they perceived to be an increasing German threat to their national security. The Italians still anti-German at this time, welcomed this alliance with the French  [2]  . Britain and France failed to take Mussolinis threat of invading Abyssinia seriously. In 1935 France, Britain and Italy signed the Stresa Pact to resist any German attempt to alter the Versailles Treaty by force. During this meeting they didnt even raise the question of Abyssinia so Mussolini took it for granted that he had a free hand in Colonial Expansion  [3]  . After 8 months the League finally put forward a plan which would give Mussolini some of Abyssinia. He rejected it.  [4]   Mussolini conquered Abyssinia: the last independent African Nation. At this point the Covenant of the League made it clear that sanctions had to be introduced against the aggressor as this was a clear case of a large state attacking a weaker one. However, they were not too effective as oil was not banned and also the Suez Canal was not closed to Mussolinis supply ships  [5]  . The Canal was the Italian main supply route to Abyssinia both Britain and France were afraid that closing the canal could result in war with Italy  [6]  . This decision was fatal for Abyssinia. Mussolini was astonished at the League sanctions: Frances and Britains silence at Stresa over Abyssinia had led Mussolini to think that they would not take his adventures in Abyssinia negatively. Mussolini considered the sanctions a front of conservation, of selfishness and of hypocrisy  [7]  . During this period the Hoare-Laval Plan, a secret dealing between Britain and France was trying to solve this crisis. These two Foreign Ministers aimed to give Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia in return for his calling off the invasion. Laval threatened Britain that if they didnt agree to the plan then France would no longer support sanctions against Italy. While Britain activated modest economic sanctions against Italy, Laval promised Mussolini that Italys access to oil would not be disrupted. This policy came to be known as all sanctions short of war  [8]  . When Italys conquest of Abyssinia was completed by May 1936, Haile-Selassie made a last appeal to the League of Nations: It is not merely a question of settlement in the matter of Italian aggression. It is a question of collective security; of the trust placed by States in international treaties; of the value of promises made to small states that their integrity and their independence shall be respected and assured. It is a choice between the principle of equality of States and the imposition upon small Powers of the bonds of vassalage  [9]  . On 9th May 1936, Abyssinia was annexed collective security had been shown as an empty promise. It was evident that Italy could not pursue its interests at Abyssinia and Spain and at the same time guard its security in central Europe, that is why it opted for an alliance with Germany. After 1935 Europe experienced a collapse of Balance of Power and signed the Rome-Berlin axis in November 1936. Italy after WWI By the formation of military alliances, Europe was divided into two groups of alliances. At first these alliances were formed to prevent war and were meant to keep the balance of power in Europe. Leaders believed that if one nation had more power than the other, war could be avoided but the threat of war grew in spite of these alliances. In fact Bismarcks balance of power collapsed. Italy was united in 1870 but there was a serious division between North and South since the North was industrial while the South was still agricultural. After WWI a gap still existed between the rich and the poor. As a result socialism became very strong and popular in Italy. The Italo-Turkish war purpose was to add colonies in North Africa. This war revealed the weakness within Italy which failed an expansionist policy. After the war, Trieste and Trentino were handed over to Italy as part of compensation for her involvement in the war. This left Italy dissatisfied since the government had expected to receive parts of the Dalmatian Coast. As a result Italy became known as a have not country. By the Treaty of Versailles signed at the end of WWI the Italians believed that it treated them badly. Italy had not been given the land promised at the Secret Treaty of London in 1915 and as a consequence Italys foreign Minister Orlando left the Commission humiliated. Benito Mussolini set up the Fascist Party and promised to solve Italys problems. He came to power in 1922 and was appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel to prevent a Communist revolution in Italy. Accordingly in 1922 the March on Rome established Mussolini and the Fascist Party as the most important party of Italy. By the late 1920 there was a more expansionist and aggressive foreign policy. Mussolinis notion reflected imperialist ambitions even before WWI during the Abyssinian crisis. Mussolini saw and adopted aggressive foreign policy (1933-39) as a destruction of domestic problems of a country. Italy and the Cold War Despite the inability to agree on various national interests there still remained some interests in Italys foreign policy which remained consistent. Starting with the Truman Doctrine introduced by USA was a policy to contain communism with financial aid to the West of Europe and to support the communist political party in Italy. It had the tendency to have a more equidistant approach in foreign policy. Internationally Italy has a long welcoming relationship with USA. This is due to the fact that both countries worked together in areas such as the Atlantic alliance (NATO), within the UN and promote prosperity and peace. Important to note is that USAs thousands of military troops are based in Italy which is a sign of cooperation between both countries for the cause of avoiding terrorism. Communism formed in Italy by the Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) by breaking away from the Socialist Party. The PCI fought against Nazi in WWII and after war it became a contributor to the Italian constitution while supported by many voters. But PCI was replaced in 1991 by the Partito Democratico della Sinistra (PDS). Italy guarded the equidistance policy (1933-36) with Britain and France while authorizing German revisionism of the Treaty of Versailles without committing herself to either bloc. Mussolini dreamed of promoting his Italy in his Mare Nostrum. In fact Italy acknowledges the role as one of the strongest country in the Mediterranean. Italys policy nowadays, is an image of the rights and responsibility in regards to regionality in the Mediterranean. The notion of opportunism in foreign policy seized opportunity in national interests especially in post-Cold War and Cold War period as it initiated multilateral agreements. It saw instances available for its infrastructure, benefits and economic recovery and therefore an extension of switching alliances. The notion of opportunism hence let Italy paving the way for EU integration. Italys influence in EU integration was by Altiero Spinelli with his Ventetone Manifesto (1941) from where he had long been advocating the notion of US of Europe. Peace and stability in EU was by federalising European states. In terms of reputation, Italy benefited more, guaranteeing the best situations for society and making the best out of its circumstances. Priorities in Italys Foreign Policy There is an overlapping level of importance in Italys Foreign Policy considering that the Right wing is more ready to give priority to US while the Left wing tends to be more prone to give EU greater role in its foreign policy. But the three main priorities which are still present in foreign policy are the relations with USA, the EU, and the Mediterranean. So it is clear enough to say that after the end of the Cold War there was a more active foreign policy. As I have been mentioning before the Mediterranean is crucial in Italys foreign policy. The notion of Mare Nostrum or Italian opportunism put the Mediterranean in the sphere of influence and with an obligation to take more responsibility in the region. This in fact entails cooperation agreements, in tackling the North-South divide issue. On a multilateral basis there are initiatives within the transatlantic relationship which almost brought 50years of peace in Europe and in the rest of the world to prevent another conflict. In 1961 with the fall of Berlin Wall strife between the Western and Eastern blocs faded and brought the Balkan area together. This is also what happened in post 9/11 with the ominous warning of clash of civilisations where if freedom and respect for humanity dont exist there is no expectation for peace. In this state of affairs the West set the goals for integration within the EU. But the countries which enhanced most and label themselves in the Atlantic bond must take action in catastrophe where humanity is in danger. Italys contributions in regards to culture and history are a melting pot to Europe: Take the art works of Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, . add the architecture of Venice, Florence and Rome and you have just a fraction of Italys treasures from over the centuries  [10]  . Italy an EU member, being the 7th largest economy in international affairs today has the worlds 6th highest export, a strong member of G8 industrialised nations and G20 especially when it comes to role with USA, China and EU. Italy is also the 5th major tourist destination where revenues which enter from the tourism sector are profitable enough. The Italian peninsula at the centre of the Mediterranean is a major destination for migrants who reach the Italian shores. This cause brings a challenge to the Republic of Italy. Hence immigration in Italy turned to be a political dialogue tackling migration as a security issue and fulfilling policies particularly having connotations to human rights. Roberto Maroni stated My concern as interior minister is to guarantee the highest possible levels of security, first and foremost by combating clandestine immigration  [11]  . One of the reasons to which Italy can adopt a more developed role is within its domestic politics. Italian politics is generally considered a complex and puzzling affair, steeped in clientelism, corruption, excessive party influence, a byzantine bureaucracy, and last but not least, mysterious conspiracies as well as bloody episodes of political violence  [12]  . September 11 coincided with Berlusconi coming in office in May 2001. But in 2006 the LUnione led by Romano Prodi formed the government of the time but resigned after 9 months after a policy about operation troops in Afghanistan and US expansion military base failed. He focused on the importance of making Italy important in the special relationship with USA on the same lines of Britain since the latter was a US ally. In this way Italy will have these benefits and translate to energy and oil resources. One can notice that USA is still one of the benchmarks in Italys policy. Prodi was again criticised in 2008 when the UDEUR party left his coalition. All this caused turmoil because Parliament was diffused and elections were held in April. But Berlusconi won his 3rd term in 2008 and so the party is dominated by the centre-right politics. When Berlusconi came to power in 2008 a law was passed giving him immunity from prosecution while being in office. Consequently in November 2008, Italy was affirmed in recession. Nevertheless the main shock experienced by the earthquake in Aquila in 2009 left several people homeless and towns heavily damaged. Conclusion Undoubtedly in my opinion I strongly agree with the quote of Michael Clark Gli italiani non si sono mai messi daccordo riguardo a dove si trovino i loro interessi nazionali. This is due to the fact that one of the problems that characterise Italys foreign policy is the notion of inability to agree on various national interests. Everyday examples include the division between the industrialised North and the poor South. In fact the Italians in the North want to form part of Austria and France since they speak their languages. Certain zones in the north as Venice, Turin are the richest of Europe while the Sothern part is the opposite with few industries and few job opportunities for youths. On administration level, Berlusconi though went through several mistakes in his administration he always sought his aims and succeeded.

State Cross Country Meet Essays -- Descriptive Essay, Personal Narrativ

I can still remember the day I ran at the state Cross Country Meet. It was one of the most exciting days of my life. It took place in Round Rock, Texas during my sophomore year in high school. I never forget that day; it is a great experience for anyone to get to go through. It was 11:45 a.m. as I was standing outside getting ready for the big race. It was cold, wet, and gloomy outside and sleeting out really hard. Getting closer to the race, I decided that it was time for me to begin warming up. I began to take my sweats off , and realized how cold it really was. I started running while doing my exercises and they blew the whistle that signalized it was time to start the race. I set up in my position and waited for instructions. The official told us that when he sho...

Influences that helped Nayar to create

Abstract In this paper, an analysis will be made about the Innovative leader Vineet Nayar, a former CEO of HCLT. This paper examines and describes his leadership techniques within his organizations. In this paper, I will analyze the global trends that influenced the need for Nayar to create a more Innovative organization. Also, this paper will introduce the five discovery skills and assess Nayar's use of them as an innovative leader within his organization. Lastly, I will make recommendations for improvement on use of the discovery skills.Factors In the global environment that Influenced Nayar's need to create a more innovative organization In the article A Maverlk CEO Eplalns How He Persuaded HIS Team to Leap into the Future, Vineet Nayar was the president of the Delhi-based IT service provider, HCL Technologies. In 2005, Nayar noticed that his company was losing market share and mindshare. He also noticed that his competitors were becoming more enhanced at substantial rates each ye ar. According to Nayar, a global organization is one that Inverts the pyramid of the organizational structure and Is more entrepreneurial (2013).Nayar traveled to locations around the world and had meetings with senior managers where he would listen to their ideas; they would talk honestly, and face the truth. According to Nayar, â€Å"This method enabled people to see that a change has to be made. † This technique came to be called Mirror Mirror. Nayar's use of the five discovery skills and how he used those skills to create an According to The DNA of Innovators, an organization's success vanes systematically throughout the business life cycle. The discovery skills are most prominent in the early phases of a businesses life cycle (Dyer, Gregersen, andChristensen 2011 The five discovery skills are associating, questioning, observing. networking and experimenting. Associating, as Dyer, Gregerson, & Christensen (2011) stated, â€Å"happens as the brain tries to make sense of n ovel inputs. Associating helps innovators discover new directions by making connections across seemingly unrelated questions, problems or ideas (pg 23). † When Nayar determined the direction he wanted his company to go in Is when he used the associating skill. Although his company was doing very well at the moment, he noticed key points that allowed him accept the fact that his company eeded a new strategy.The second discovery skill is questioning. In The DNA of Innovators, â€Å"Innovators ask questions to understand how things really is today, why they are that way, how 1 OF2 included his employees to find out their outlook and ideas. He questioned them to determine which direction they thought the company needed to heed in. Nayar also spoke to and questioned customers to find out their likes and dislikes with HCL. He realized that the value zone for his company was between the customers and the frontline employees. The third discovery skill is observing.Innovators use this skill by carefully watching the world around them so that what they see can help them build ideas for new ways to do things. This is what Nayar was doing when he traveled to locations around the world. He was attempting to gain insight on his company on a larger scale. The fourth discovery skill is networking. The idea networker does not simply network to sell themselves or gain relationships to possess desired resources. According to Dyer, Gregerson & Christensen, the idea networker, â€Å"networks to actively tap into new ideas and insights by talking with people who have diverse ideas and erspectives. By Nayar speaking with his front line employees and customers to gain insight on the direction of his company, this is a form of networking â€Å"ideally. † The last discovery skill is experimenting. Innovators use this skill by traveling to new places, seeking new information and trying new things ideas. Nayar experimented when it used the EFCS concept. This concept revers ed the hierarchal organizational structure by which he valued the ideas and thoughts of his employees on a greater scale. He saw it best to get information from the people who where ctually dealing with the outside world daily, and knew what the customers wanted.Opportunities for Nayar to improve his use of the skills that encourage and support innovative organizations Ultimately, Nayar worked the discovery skills very well. He made rational thought through decisions that ended up benefiting his company greatly. I do feel that although Nayar changed the traditional organizational hierarchy, he cannot forget about his managers and higher level executives. Although he bridged the gap and received valuable information, he has to keep in mind that he placed people in those ositions for a reason and therefore he should value their opinions on the situation as well.Networking is also something he has to make sure he continues to build on. This is very important when trying to build an org anization on a global scale.

I Chose The Top Left Picture Of The Vanity Fair - 1191 Words

In this 21st century where representation and visibility of all groups is valued, it is not surprising to see photos or videos in the media promoting or even advertising â€Å"unique† lifestyle that just a few decades ago would unearthed a feeling of disgust or repulsion. While on one hand some uses media in a positive way, introducing us to new fresher ideas which would’ve been unthinkable before. Suchlike families aside from the traditional nuclear family (e.g. single-parent household, lesbian and gay couples, or eccentric families in general), people of colour taking bolder or positions of leadership, or even simple individuals breaking the barrier of norms. On the other hand, there are those who simply see the media as a lucrative business aimed to spread consumer commodification and vain lifestyle. As I want to focus on the latter, I chose the top left picture of the Vanity Fair (VF) March 2014 issue. This month’s issue’s cover is Jen Selter, fitness model and supposedly an inspiration for many young girls to go to the gym. I can be put in the basket of haters but frankly, I’ve never heard of her and seeing just the magazine with her on the cover, in that position wearing that â€Å"dress† doesn’t appeal to me. She’s wearing a black â€Å"dress† that covers parts that should be, but is showing enough skin to entice curiosity paired with black stilettos. Taking a four-legged animal stance on bland-looking table with a hazy, rugged wall to complete the â€Å"scene†. Honestly speaking, atShow MoreRelated Claude Monet: Grainstack (Sunset) Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesClaude Monet: Grainstack (Sunset) Claude Monets Grainstack (Sunset) is the painting I chose from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Monet was an impressionist painter in France, and did most of his work at his home at Giverny. Impressionism got its name from a painting that Monet painted, Impression Sunrise. Impressionist paintings are put into a category based on characteristics such as light that draws attention to objects, rough textures, and visual pleasure that the viewer receives upon lookingRead MoreMedia Bias and Its Public Influence1802 Words   |  8 Pagesa liberal media manipulating the American public and thus influencing them to vote in congruence with the ways of the Democratic political party. Thus far it is simple to see the media clearly holds a bias that is in favor of the liberal viewpoint. I believe the media should not hold an opinion because, it comes through in their coverage and thus influences some of the American public to vote in a way in which they would not have otherwise. Narratio: The American public has historically believedRead MoreEssay on The Life of Ernest Miller Hemingway3853 Words   |  16 Pagesnature, he often lived in major cities like Chicago, Toronto and Paris, but when he became successful he chose more isolated places to live like Key West, Cuba, or Ketchum, Idaho. Wherever he lived, he made sure he had access to hunting and fishing. When he wasnt hunting or fishing his mother taught him about music. His mother was a singer who once had thought about a professional career, but she chose to settle down with her husband instead. She occupied her time by giving voice and music lessons toRead MoreWhy Do Some Leaders Abuse Their Power4363 Words   |  18 Pagespower will become evil or unjust. 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For the next three decades, the movie industry in the United States andRead MoreThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 Pagesepithet. The present course-paper includes the following sections: introduction, two chapters, conclusions, bibliography and appendix. In Introduction we present reasons for choosing this theme and give the description of the paper. In Chapter I we give some theoretical information about Stylistics, style, stylistic devices and functional styles. Also we try to reveal the nature of epithets and their classification. In Chapter II we propose basic information about Charlotte Bronte and herRead MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 Pagesonly college graduates. I ve tried everything women are supposed to do, one woman confessed to Friedan. Hobbies, gardening, pickling, canning, being very social with my neighbors, joining committees, running PTA teas. I can do it all, and I like it, but it doesn t leave you anything to think about — any feeling of who you are. ... I love the kids and Bob and my home. There s no problem you can even put a name to. But I m desperate. I begin to feel I have no personality. I m a server of food andRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesCarrie and Nathaniel. (Nathaniel was later killed in a mill accident.) They bought a house near Kansas University and opened a grocery store. Everyone in Lawrence respected Charles Langston, but he was not a good business man. When he died in 1892, he left Mary Langston nothing but a pair of gold earrings and a mortgaged house. Although Lawrence was founded by abolitionists, when young Langston lived there with his grandmother, racial segregation had come to divide its citizens. Langston had no playmatesRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesContents Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum †¢ The Power of Management Capital 1. New Management for Business Growth in a Demanding Economy 1 1 Text Jones−George †¢ Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition I. Management 17 17 2. The Evolution of Management Thought Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy †¢ Leadership, Fifth Edition I. Leadership is a Process, Not a Position 51 51 70 1. Leadership is Everyone’s Business 2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in OrganizationsRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 Pagesunit, see the section below. You should commence your study by reading these. After you have completed reading each unit you should check your understanding of its content by returning to the objectives and asking yourself the following question: Have I achieved each of these objectives? Ideally, you should not proceed to the next unit until you have achieved the learning objectives for the previous unit. If you are working with a tutor, he/she should be able to assist you in confirming that you have

Definition and Examples of Back Slang

Back slang is a form of slang in which words are spoken and/or spelled backward. According to  lexicographer Eric Partridge, back slang was popular with the costermongers (street-vendors) in Victorian London. The hallmark of their speech, Partridge said, is the frequency with which they turn words (normal or slangy) into back-slang . . .. The general rule is to spell a word backwards, and then, ideally, to employ the pronunciation approaching the closest to that often impossible arrangement of letters  (Slang Today and Yesterday, 1960). The costermongers themselves referred to back slang as kacab genals.Like rhyming slang, back slang started out as subterfuge, says MIchael Adams, but soon became language games you could play for fun (Slang: The Peoples Poetry, 2009). Examples and Observations If you really want to speak freely around those who shouldnt know your secrets, learn how to form back slang or center slang. When you are next in your local, order a top o reeb  instead of pot of beer, but hope that the bartender understands the slang, or you may be eighty-sixed for the whole kew week. Dont blame the bartender, though, who may not be the right nosper person for the bloomin emag bloomin game.(Michael Adams,  Slang: The Peoples Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2009) Arbitrary Spelling Conventions Back slang is a language constructed on lines—I venture to hint illogical lines—of its own. The initial idea is that all words are to be pronounced backwards; for instance, instead of saying no you say on, for bad man you say dab nam. But you have not proceeded far before you find that the initial idea breaks down. Penny, reversed, would be ynnep, the back slangster says yennup. Evig em a yennup, is his version of Give me a penny. . . . It would be impossible for an English tongue to pronounce many of our words backwards. How would you pronounce night or drink backwards, leaving the spelling as it is? not to speak of more difficult examples. The result is that the back slangster adopts not only an arbitrary spelling, but also an arbitrary pronunciation of his own. (Slang. All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal Conducted by Charles Dickens, November  25, 1893) The Language of Tradesmen and ChildrenBack-slang proper, sometimes employed by barrow-boys and hawkers, and indigenous to certain trades such as the greengrocers and the butchers, where it is spoken to ensure that the customer shall not understand what is being said (Evig reh emos delo garcs dene--Give her some old scrag end) consists simply of saying each word backwards, and when this is impossible saying the name of the letter instead of its sound, usually the first or the last letter, thus: Uoy nac ees reh screckin ginwosh (You can see her knickers showing). An Enfield master reports that he found at least half a dozen boys who could talk it quickly.(Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Oxford University Press, 1959) Secret Languages Secret languages . . . have an obvious appeal for those who have something to hide. One language used by African slaves, called TUT, was based on phonetics, and used to help teach children to read. Victorian market traders, meanwhile, are thought to have dreamed up back slang—in which a word is spoken backwards, giving us yob for boy--in order to single out customers on whom to palm off shoddy goods. (Laura Barnett, Why We All Need Our Own Secret Slang. The Guardian [UK], June 9, 2009) A 19th-Century Report on Back Slang This back language, back slang, or kacab genals, as it is called by the costermongers themselves, is supposed to be regarded by the rising generation of street-sellers as a distinct and regular mode of intercommunication. People who hear this slang for the first time never refer words, by inverting them, to their originals; and the yanneps, esclops, and nammows, are looked upon as secret terms. Those who practice the slang soon obtain a considerable stock vocabulary, so that they converse rather from the memory than the understanding. Amongst the senior costermongers, and those who pride themselves on their proficiency in back slang, a conversation is  often sustained for a whole evening—that is, the chief words are in the back slang—especially if any flats are present whom they wish to astonish or confuse. . . The back slang has been in vogue for many years. It is . . . very easily acquired, and is principally used by the costermongers and others who practice it . . . for communicating the secrets of their street tradings, the cost of and profit on goods, and for keeping their natural enemies, the police, in the dark.(The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal, rev. ed.,  1874)

Accepting Autism Receiving Autism - 1510 Words

Accepting Autism While at school in his transitional kindergarten class, Avery becomes increasingly frustrated with himself and suddenly begins to have what others would call a tantrum. Avery’s frustration gets the best of him, and he slaps himself. Other students suddenly stop what they are doing and they watch their classmate. Little do they know that he cannot express himself in the same way that they can; he cannot let go of his frustrations and other emotions as well as they can. They simply do not understand or have a knowledge of what is truly happening in their small classroom. Avery’s classmates laugh at him, and their laughter only makes his frustration worse. The teacher finally becomes aware of the situation and tells the other students to go to recess. Mrs. Green sits with Avery and tells him everything is fine and that their is no reason to be frustrated. Mrs. Green’s efforts to soothe the five year old are not as effective as she had hoped. Avery c alms some, but is still shaking. Mrs. Green gives Avery something to drink and says to him, â€Å"I see that you were frustrated. I do not want you to feel upset, we are going to say five things that you did well today.† Avery looks at her with tears in his eyes. Mrs Green then said, â€Å"One, you put your bag in your cubby without making a mess. Two, you were quiet when we had carpet time. Three, you colored inside the lines. Four, you wrote your name perfectly. Five, you helped Jaycee pick up her crayons when she droppedShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Special Needs Athletes During The Raleigh County Special Olympics854 Words   |  4 Pagesathletes the basic skills of basketball, they actually taught me more than I could have imagined through their positive outlooks, patience with themselves and toward others, and their kindness in general. Many of the athletes presented with symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and it was apparent that one athlete had down syndrome. 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Tinker V Des Moines Kuhlmieir V Hazelwood free essay sample

Tinker V. Des Moines, Kuhlmieir V. Hazelwood Essay, Research Paper Tinker v. Des Moines, Kuhlmieir v. Hazelwood Scott Nagao 3/10/97 Period 7 About 32 old ages ago, in December of 1965, a group of grownups and pupils from Des Moines, Iowa gathered to demo their disfavor towards American engagement in the Vietnam War. They decided to have on black armbands and fast on December 16 and 31 to show at that place point. When the principals of the Des Moines School System found out their programs, they decided to suspend anyone who took portion in this type of protest. On December 16 # 8211 ; 17 three Tinker siblings and several of their friends were suspended for have oning the armbands. All of them did non return to school until after New Years Day. Acting through their parents, the Tinkers and some other pupils went to the Federal District Court, inquiring for an injunction to be issued by Iowa. This tribunal refused the thought, coercing them to take the instance to the Supreme Court. After hearing their instance, the Supreme Court agreed with the Tinkers. They said that have oning black armbands was a soundless signifier of look and that pupils do non hold to give up their 1st Amendment rights at school. This landmark Supreme Court instance was known as Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District. From the instance of Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. School Board evidently came some conflicting point of views about the armbands. The school board said that no one has the absolute right to freedom of look, where the Tinkers said that merely censoring armbands and non other political symbols was unconstitutional. The school board said that the armbands were riotous to the acquisition environment, where the Tinkers said they were non. Finally, the school board said that order in the schoolroom, where political contention should be discussed, is entitled to constitutional protection. The Tinkers believed that the armbands were worn as the pupils positions, and hence should be constitutionally protected and respected by the school. These were all of import statements in the instance. Personally, I agree with the Supreme Court # 8217 ; s determination to continue the 1st Amendment rights of the pupils in school. Why shouldn # 8217 ; t pupils have the same rights as other people? If the pupils wore obscene vesture, ran out of schoolrooms, or put the school on fire in protest of the war, so yes, I could see disciplinary action being taken against them. However, the Tinkers merely wore black armbands. Because this was non riotous or obscene, I feel the school should non hold punished them. Another landmark Supreme Court determination came in 1988 in the instance of Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier. In 1983 the principal of Hazelwood East High School removed two articles from the school newspaper. He objected to these articles because they described three pupils # 8217 ; experiences with gestation and divorce. He felt that subjects such as these would be inappropriate for pupil readers. The school board voted in favour of the principal # 8217 ; s action. Cathy Kuhlmeier and several other pupils sued the school territory in the U.S. District Court of St. Louis. Despite claiming that their 1st and 14th Amendment rights had been violated, the Court found no misdemeanors. After taking the instance to the United States Court of Appeals, their instance was taken to United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, nevertheless, besides upheld the principal # 8217 ; s actions happening no misdemeanor of their rights. They said that because the newspaper was run by school functionaries, that it could be controlled by them, # 8220 ; so long as their actions? related to legalize pedagogical concerns? # 8221 ; . This instance besides had some statements to see. The school territory said that pupils # 8217 ; rights are non violated when pedagogues use editorial control for educational grounds. Kuhlmeier believed that this was unconstitutional. The school territory said that because the paper was non a public forum that censoring was appropriate. Kuhlmeier believed that the paper was a public forum, hence, she should be able to show her sentiment to the community. Finally Hazelwood School District believed that pedagogues were responsible for commanding school publications because they reflect on the school itself. Kuhlmeier believed that commanding school publications stifled the pupils # 8217 ; free idea and looks ; it limited them to merely school-approved topics or sentiments. In this instance, I agree with Cathy Kuhlmeier. I am non stating that certain topics such as obscene and non-school related subjects shouldn # 8217 ; t be censored, because they should. However, in Kuhlmeier # 8217 ; s instance, I feel that gestation and divorce are issues that face pupils at school. Because of this, I believe that the principal # 8217 ; s actions were incorrect, and that the articles should have been published. In comparing, both of these instances shared some really similar qualities. Both instances were composed of a pupil versus a school territory. Both instances ended up in the Supreme Court. But the biggest similarity was that both instances concerned pupils # 8217 ; rights at school, chiefly the 1st and 14th Amendment, the freedom of look. Both complainants felt that their rights were being violated by the determinations and actions made by the school territories. In contrast, the clip periods in which these instances took topographic point were really different. In the 1960 # 8217 ; s, the war in Vietnam was traveling on, and there were a batch of controversial issues and point of views confronting pupils at schools. In the 1980 # 8217 ; s, the war was over and at that place weren # 8217 ; t as many controversial issues environing pupils # 8217 ; rights. One instance involved freedom of look through a school newspaper, the other through articles of vesture, but the major difference between the two instances were the determinations made by the U.S. Supreme Court. They agreed with the Tinkers in the belief that freedom of look through armbands was O.K. . However, they disagreed with Cathy Kuhlmeier # 8217 ; s belief in freedom of look through a alleged public forum. As a pupil, I believe that freedom of look is one of our most of import rights. Without this right people won # 8217 ; Ts know who we are ; they won # 8217 ; T understand our coevals. Because of the many different definitions of freedom of look, people will ever be in contention over them. Let # 8217 ; s hope that our school territory neer faces a job every bit large as the 1s presented in this paper.